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mD:súh we;sjQ od isgu ld,.=Kh fjkialïj,g Ndck fjñka mj;S' YS; hq.h miqlr we;' R;= rgdjka ìys ù we;' th ksj¾;k iy fi!uH rgj, fohdldrhlska oelsh yelshs' ld,.=Kh fudfyd;ska fudfyd;" Èk w;r" udi w;r fukau wjqreÿ w;r o fjkialïj,g Ndck fõ' th tla w;lska mD:súh" iQ¾hhd jgd N%uKh ùu" pkao%hdf.a n,mEu yd fjk;a .%yf,dal j, n,mEu ksid o fõ' ld,.=K úoHd{hka w;r jir 11 g muK jrla iudk ld,.=K ;;a;ajhka Wod jk njg u;hla we;' ta wkqj b;d úh<s fyda f;;a wjqreoaola" kej; jir 11 g wdikak ld,hl§ tjeks iudk ;;a;ajfhka we;súh yelsfõ' tneúka ld,.=Kh fjkia ùu iajdNdúlhs'
tfia kï" ,ld,.=K úm¾hdi, hkqfjka olajkqfha l=ulao@
idudkHfhka ms<s.; yels whqßka fjkia jk ld,.=Kfhys meyeÈ,s fjkialï wys;lr whqßka we;sùu ,ld,.=K úm¾hdi, f,i ú.%y l< yels fõ' th ksje/È o@" È.= úh<s foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh" wêl .xj;=r" by< jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajh" iq<s iq<x jeks foa ld,.=K úm¾hdi ksid we;s jk nj fndfyda fokdf.a úYajdihhs'
ta wkqj ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdi hkak tla rgl isg ;j;a rglg" iuia; f,dalfhau yd f.da,Sh foaYmd,kh ;=, o ixjdohg .efka' 1992 wf.daia;= ßfhda mßir iuq¿fjka miqj" f,dalfha ixjdohg yd iuq¿ meje;aùug ,ld,.=K úm¾hdih, hkak ckm%sh ud;Dldjla ù we;'
ieneúkau ld,.=K úm¾hdihla we;s ù ;sfío@
tla w;lska .;a l, ld,.=K úm¾hdi hkq we;súh hq;a;ls' iEu rglau iodld,slj YS; úh hq;= ke;' WKqiqï úh hq;= o" ke;' tlu úÈhg ,id.r Èhje,a, .,d hd hq;= ke;' f,dalfha iudkd;au;djh we;s lsÍug" iïm;a fn§ heug tajd fjkia úh hq;= fõ' tfy;a j¾;udkfha tla tla rglg idfmalaIj n,mdk whqfrka ld,.=K úm¾hdi hkak ú.%y lrkq ,nhs' ^ksoiqk^ weußldjg n,mE iq<s l=Kdgqj& Y%S ,xldj i,lk úg wo mj;sk kshx ;;a;ajh" j,.ïnd rc ld,fha § o we;s ù ;sfí' ,neñksáhdidh, tod meje;s kshÛh ksid we;s jQ wdydr id.;hhs' wo tjeks wdydr id.;hla fkdue;' jir 2004 § Y%S ,xldjg we;s jQ iqkdñ ;;a;ajh" le,Ks;siai rcq oji o we;s jkakg we;' 1978 § kef.kysr m<d;g we;s jQ oreKq iq<s iq<x ;;a;ajh" bka miqj fuf;la we;s ù fkdue;' wms ta .ek foúhkag ia;+;s mqouq' fï wkqj f,dalfha ld,.=Kh hym;a fjñka mj;So@ whym;a fjñka mj;So@ hkak ú.%y lsÍug muKla iSud ù ;sfí' idOl we;af;a iq¿fjks'
oekg ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdi we;sùug fya;= olajd we;af;a" jdhqf.da,fha ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ^CO2& jeäùu" ñys;,fha WIaK;ajh jeäùu" idudkH j¾Idm;kh jeäùu" .xj;=r$iq<s iq<x jeks iajdNdúl úm;a fõ' iuyr úg fuu ;;a;ajh mD:súfha ;=,khg o wjYH foa úh yelshs' ksoiqkla f,ig iq<s iq<x ksid jDlaI,;d fjkilg Ndckh lrhs' j¾Idm;kh wvq jeä ùfuka" f,dal lDIsl¾u rgdj iajdNdúl fjkilg Ndck jkq we;' tla rgla i,lk úg" l,ska j.d l< fkdyels fnda. oeka j.d l< yels jkq we;'
f,dalh hym;a w;g o@ ke;fyd;a''
wm fndfyda fofkl=g ms<s.; yelafla f,dalh miq.sh Y; j¾Idêl ld,hlg jvd fï jk úg hym;a ù we;s njhs' m%isoaO fn,aðhï wd¾:sl úoHd{ n%hka f,dïfnda¾kag wkqj j¾I 1993 isg 1997 olajd jk j¾I y;rl iq¿ ld,hla ;=< cd;Hka;r fjf<|du fo.=K ù ;sfí' OdkH we;=¿ wdydr ksIamdokh lemS fmfkk whqßka jeä ù we;' ÈhqKq rgj, j¾I 1960 isg 2000 jk úg jd¾Isl talmqoa., OdkH ksIamdokh ls' .%Eï 260 isg 315 olajd jeä ù we;' th ÈhqKq jk rgj, ls' .%Eï 155 isg ls' .%Eï 210 muK olajd fõ' tneúka uE; ld,h ;=< ^jir 2010 § yer& fï olajd W.% wdydr ysÛhla we;s ù fkdue;' ;jÿrg;a wdydr ksIamdokh by< hk nj f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh fmkajd fohs' ieneúkau cd;Hka;r wdydr ksIamdokh .egÆjlg m;a jkqfha" bkaOk ñ, by< hk wjia:d j, muKs' kej;;a th iu;=,s; ;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ'
f.da,Shj mßirh o hym;a w;g f.k taug úoHd{hka iu;a ù we;' wog idfmalaIj jir 100 g fmr l¾udka;Yd,dj,ska msgjQ ÿï l| wo olakg ke;' jdykj,ska msglrk Bhï we;=¿ ÿï md,kh ù we;' mßirhg ksl=;a lrk ld¾ñl wmú;% o%jH ukd md,khlg f.k taug wjYH oekqu o ÈhqKq ù we;'
ñksiqkaf.a Ôjk rgdj iqjmyiq ù we;' j¾I 1856 § tla tx.,ka; jeishl= ish Ôú; ld,h ;=< meh 124"000 la jev lr we;' j¾I 1975 § th meh 69"000 olajd wvq ù ;sfí' tneúka ld,.=K úm¾hdij,g jvd úm¾hdi ù we;af;a ñksiqkaf.a Ôjk rgdjhs'
jdhqf.da,fha ldnkavfhdlaihsâ m%udKh ^CO2& jeäùu
uQ,slju lsj hq;af;a ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqf.da,fha meje;Su" .iaj, j¾Okhg w;HjYH njhs' tu.ska ishÆ m%Ndixiaf,aIK l%shdj,sh isÿ fõ' tfy;a ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" m%udKh blaujd jeäùu u.ska ñys;,fha WIaK;ajh jeäùu isÿfõ' jir 1950 isg fï olajd ^CO2& jeäùu m%ia:drh fmkajhs' ta uQ,sl jYfhkau fmdis, bkaOk ^ãi,a" .Eia" .,a wÛqre jeks& oykh lsÍu ksidfjks' ^CO2& jdhqf.da,hg ksl=;a lsÍu yd ii|k úg jdhqf.da,fha jeäùu t;rï fkdfõ' ta .ia je,a ksidfjks' tneúka ^CO2& jdhqf.da,h ;=< md,kh lr .ekSug wmg yelshdj we;' ta i|yd mqk¾ck n,Yla;s Wmfhdackh" ^CO2& ld¾hlaIuj wjfYdaIKh l< yels C4 j¾.fha .ia j¾. ^WK nïnq" nv bßÛq jeks& j.djka jHdma;sh" we,a.S c,dY u; j¾Okh lsÍu ie,lsh yels fõ'
ñys;,fha WIaK;ajh jeä jkqfha CO2 ksid muKla o hkak meyeÈ,s lr fkdue;' by; m%ia:dr fmkakqï lrkqfha jdhqf.da,fha WIaK;ajh jir 1850 isg jeäùuhs' jir 1950)70 ld,fha§ f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh wvq ù we;' tfia kï CO2 jeäùu isÿfjoa§" WIaK;ajh wvqùu isÿ jQfha flfiao@ tneúka CO2 jeäùu muKla f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh jeä ùug fya;= fkdfõ' jvd;au wdikak fya;=j jkqfha ysref.ka fmdf<djg m;s; jk ,úlsrKh, ^Radiation& jeä ùuhs' mD:súfha we;sjk fjkialïj,g jvd fjkialï ysref.a isÿfõ' ysref.a yhsv%cka oykh jeäùu úlsrKh jeä ùug tla m%Odk fya;=jla ù ;sfí' fn!oaO idys;Hfha lshfjkqfha ysre oyila mdhd" mD:súfha Ôjh úkdY jk njhs'
ysre oyila flfia fj;;a" mj;sk ysref.a yhsv%cka oykh jeäùu yd mD:súh ysre jgd lerlefjk N%uK;,h fjkia ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ' oekg ysre jgd mD:súh N%uKh jkqfha b,smaidldr j,hla ;=<hs' wdl¾IK n,h fjkia ùu ksid l%ufhka fuu b,smaidldr j,h fláùu ksid rjqul yevh .;a N%uK ;,hla we;s fjñka mj;sk njg idOl we;' túg R;= fjki wvq jk w;r" úlsrKh jeäùu ksid ñys;, WIaK;ajh jeä fõ'
ld,.=K úm¾hdi lDIs j.djkag isÿlrk n,mEu
ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdi u.ska lDIs j.djkg jk wys;lr n,meï fl<skau meyeÈ,s lsÍu wiSre fõ' ksoiqkla f,ig foaYSh fmd,a j.dj i,lk úg" jir w;r M,odj wvq jeä jqjo" jir 1950 isg uq¿ m,odfõ jeäùula fmkakqï lrhs' kshÛh" fmd,a m,odj wvq lrk kuq;a" kshÛh jeäùula fmkakqï lsÍug ;rï idOl ke;' tfy;a NQ.; c,h wvqùu isÿù we;af;a ck.ykh jeä ùu ksid c,h mßfNdackh jeä ùfuks' tneúka mfia c,h r¹ mej;Su wvqùu" kshÛh f,ig ú.%y lsÍu ksje/È fkdfõ' wjqreoaol fmd,a m,odj uqr wkqj ,nd fok rgdj ;rula fjkia ù we;' fmd,a uhsgd ydks jeks lDñ Wjÿre yd j.d ydks o uE;l§ jeä ù we;'
fmd,a m,odjg jvd iïmQ¾Kfhkau fjkia jQ ;;a;ajhla foaYSh nv bßÛq j.dj ;=< olakg we;' kj fouqyqï nv bßÛq j¾. wkqrdOmqrh" fudkrd., jeks m%foaYj, lDIs bvï ;=< fyd¢ka jefvñka b;d by< wiajekakla ,nd fohs' iajdNdúl j.d ydks yd m,odj tlsfklg mg,jd f;areï .ekSu mokï rys;hs'
fïjd fld;rï ÿrg" ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdi yd iïnkaO;djhla we;ao hkak ú.%y lsÍug o;a; m%udKj;a fkdjk w;r .eUqre úYaf,aIKhla ta i|yd wjYHhs'
md,kh iy yev.eiau
ld,.=Kh fjkiaùï iu. ksr;=reju isÿ jk l%shdj,s folla jkqfha ,ld,.=Kh, md,kh ùu ^MitiÜtion& yd Bg wkqrEmS, ^Adaptation& ùuhs' ld,.=Kh md,kh myiq ke;' tfy;a iajdNdúl md,k l%u" wmf.a mßirh ;=<u mj;S' Bg jvd;au .e,fmk ksoiqk jkqfha wm rfÜ úh<s ld,fha jejl we;s fk¿ï h' jefõ u;=msg c,h fk¿ï fld< ksid jeiS hhs' jefõ c, uÜgu u; fk¿ï fld< yeuúgu mdùu isÿ fõ' fï ksid oyj,a ld,fha jefgk ;o ysre/ia j,ska jeõ c,fha WIaK;ajh jeäùu fyda rd;%s ld,fha WIaK;ajh wêl f,ig my; jeàu wvq lrhs' c,c Ôùkag Ôj;a ùug tu.ska ufydamldÍ fõ' fk¿ï fkdue;s jejl c,fha" tu Ôùkaf.a ;sridr nj wvqhs'
wfkla w;g Ôùka tkï" .ia fld<ka yd i;=ka" foaY.=Ksl fjkialï u; b;d fyd¢ka wkqj¾;kh fõ' Bg fyd|u ksoiqkla jkqfha wfma rgj, we;s ,weflaIshd .ihs', th fuys§ úYd, .ils' fyd¢ka jefâ' lgq ke;' tfy;a flkahdfõ udrd ldka;drfha" weflaIshd we,aîvd .i b;d l=vd .ils' lgq iys;hs' u,a j,ska msÍ" ksr;=reju îc ksmojhs' th ldka;dr foaY.=Khg yqre ù we;'
wfkla w;g tla rgl" tla m%foaYhl ld,.=Kh úh<s jkafka kï" fyda WIaK;ajh jeä ùu isÿ jkafka kï f,dalfha fjk;a tn÷ foaY.=Kh we;s rgl§ tu w;aoelSï" fjkialï oelsh yels fõ' ksoiqkla f,ig Y%S ,xldfõ isg mdlsia;dkh" ´udkh" yryd wnqvdì olajd .uka l< úg fuf,i y÷kd .efkk wkd.; ld,.=Ksl fjkialï j, n,mEu oelsh yelsh'
Y%S ,xldfõ jefjk fmd,a .ila" wnqvdìys isgqjd u,a yg .kakd úg" wm rfܧ fuka fkdj úYd, .eyekq u,a ^neÜgd& m%udKhla yg.kS' th tla j,a,lg oyila muK fõ' fmd,a .i l%ufhka l=re iajNdjhla .kS' thska fmkakqï lrkqfha b;d iq¿ ld,hl§ jqjo" fmd,a .i o tu foaY.=Ksl fjkialï j,g wkqj¾;kh jk njhs'
ld,.=Ksl fjkialï .ek fu;rï wjOdkhla wehs@
uQ,slju" ld,.=Ksl fjkialï we;s ùug" ñksiqka ìh iajNdjhla olajhs' ñksid wfmalaId lrk WÑ;u ld,.=Kh fyda foaY.=Kh f,dalfha lsisÿ ;ekl olakg ke;' j¾Idj jeä jQ úg kdh heï$.xj;=r we;s fõ' j¾Idj wvq jQ úg kshÛh we;s fõ' WIaK;ajh jeä jQ úg" iuyr .ia j¾. ^Wod^ wU" lcq& fyd¢ka u,a ord" m, yg.kS' WIaK;ajh wvq jQ úg tu ;;a;ajh fjkia fõ'
ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdi .ek fu;rï l;d lsÍug" thg ìh ùug tla fya;=jla ñksid ;=<u mj;S' ta wmf.a n,Yla;s Wmfhdackh jeäùuhs' fmdis, bkaOk Ndú;hg mqreÿ jQ od isgu tys m%;súmdl .ek oekqj;a lsÍu jeä ù we;' tu.ska jdhqf.da,hg jeämqr CO2 tl;= ùuhs' th WIaK;ajh jeäùug" W;a;r O%ejfha ysul÷ Èhùug" id.r c, uÜgu jeäùug fya;= jk njg wkshï idOl we;' f,dalh mqrdu fmg%,a jeks bkaOk wÆ;ska fidhd .ekSu fukau Ndú;h o iS.%j jeäfjñka mj;S' lekvdfõ mj;sk ,fIa,a Ths,a, ^Shale Oil& oekg mj;sk fmfg%da,shï ksê fuka lsysm .=Khls' fï ish,a, Ndú;hg .ekSug yels w;r" tu.ska wmf.a Ôjk rgdj ;jÿrg;a myiq lrkq we;' th fjkia lsÍug lsisfjl=;a iQodkï ke;' ta i|yd jk f,dal .súiqï iuyr úg idlÉPdjg muKla iSud fõ' jvd;a hym;a Ôú; f.jk weußldj ;ju;a tu .súiqïj,g tlÛ ke;' ienúkau lsjfyd;a oeka wjYH jkqfha k.rfha isg fudag¾ r:hlska .uka lr jkdka;r" .ia iy Èhje,a oelSu muKs' ljqre;a jkfha Ôj;a ùug ;jÿrg;a iQodkï ke;' th yqÿ i;s wka; úfkdao pdßldjla muKs' .eñ ck;dj" k.rhg hñka isà' kd.ÍlrKh" wd¾:sl ixj¾Okh f,ig yqjd olajhs' wo jkfha isàug jk i;=ka mjd iQodkï ke;' ß,jqkag o oeka wjYHj we;af;a k.rfha Ôj;a ùughs' fya;=j jvd rij;a wdydr k.r j, iq<N ùuhs' w,s we;=ka o .ïj,g ßx.d fnda. j.djka wdydrhg .kS' j¾;udkfha jkdka;r" fidnd oyu hkq m%shxlr joka jqjo" tajd ;=< Ôj;a ùug ñksiqka iy jk i;=ka iQodkï ke;'
ta wkqj ld,.=Khg jvd fjkia ù we;af;a ñksid yd Tyqf.a Ôjk rgdjhs' ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdi" idlÉPd lrk rij;a iy úoaj;a ud;Dldjla njg m;a ù ;sfí' wfkla w;g krl mqj;aj,g weyqïlka fok l,djo" m%udKh o" ñksiqka w;r jeäù ;sfí' wiqn nj oelSug wkshï wdYdjla o j¾;udkfha fndfyda ñksiqka w;r jvd;a mj;S'
ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdi ienúkau isÿjkafkao hkak úoHd;aulj fidhd ne,Su jà' ta ;=<ska fjkia jk ld,.=Khg yqreùu jvd m%dfhda.slhs'
wdpd¾h tÉ' ta' chka; .=K;s,l
wOHlaI fmd,a m¾fhaIK wdh;kh
Wmqgd .ekSu Èjhsk mqj;a m; weiqfrks